传统的光纤型调制荧光仪（如pam-2100、mini-pam等）只能测量叶片上一个点的光合活性。利用一个点的数据代表一个叶片，利用一个叶片代表一个植株，进而代表一个群体（如森林、大田作物等），这种方法的误差是比较大的。
从1980年代末期开始，科研人员就期望能通过成像型荧光仪来测量全叶片光合活性，并进行了不懈的尝试，但受技术上的限制，所设计的仪器无法商品化或商品化了但得不到大家认可。其中一个很重要的原因就是能够发出饱和脉冲水平强光的二极管（led）尚未面世。要利用调制荧光技术测量全叶片水平的光合作用，
首先要保证叶片上任何一点所接受到的光强必须是完全相同的。调制荧光技术要求光源必须能发出很强的饱和脉冲光。
卤素灯能发出很强的光，但其光场非常不均匀，根本不能用于成像！装在一个平面上的led阵列发出的光很均匀，但在2000年前，能发出超强光合有效辐射（par）的led根本没有面世！
2000年，能发出超强par的蓝光led面世。2001年，全球最权威的调制荧光仪制造商德国walz公司设计制造了真正的全球第一台多功能调制荧光成像系统
imaging-pam。
imaging-pam采用超强发光led作为光源，保证叶片表明受光均匀且光强足够强；imaging-pam采用ccd作为检测器，能检测叶片上每个像素的光合作用；imaging-pam秉承了walz公司pam系列荧光仪的一贯优点，功能强大，测量参数多，操作极其简单，一面世就受到全球植物学家的青睐，迅速占领全球市场。
2005年，walz又推出了
m系列imaging-pam，一个主机可以连接不同的探头（microscopy-，micro-，mini-和maxi-探头），分别在130×150 um、3.5×4.5 mm、24×32 mm或10×13 cm的面积上测量荧光成像。现在，
只需一个主机连接不同的探头，即可满足从单细胞到全叶片，从分子生物学到生态学研究的全面需要。
m系列imaging-pam不同版本的比较
maxi-版 | mini-版 | micro-版 | microscopy-版 |
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成像面积10×13 cm | 成像面积24×32 mm | 成像面积3.5×4.5 mm | 成像面积130×150 um |
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放大1.5倍 | 放大6倍 | 放大45倍 | 放大130-1300倍 |
功 能
＊ 一个主机连接不同的探头可满足从单细胞到全叶片、从分子生物学到生态学的不同需求
＊ 全叶片光合作用分析（荧光成像），可测荧光诱导曲线并进行淬灭分析
＊ 可测快速光响应曲线（120 s内完成，比光合放氧和气体交换等技术快得多）
＊ 叶片光合作用的横向异质性检测
＊ 完全相同的条件下同时测量多个样品（植物、地衣、苔藓、微藻等）
＊ 遗传育种、突变株筛选的强大工具
＊ 不同的测量面积，不同的分辨率
＊ 可利用多孔板（如96孔板）做多个微藻样品的同时成像
＊ 胁迫损伤的早期检测
＊ 不连接显微镜即可测量绿色荧光蛋白（gfp）荧光
＊ 可测量叶片吸光系数
测量参数
＊ 以上所有参数均可成像
＊ 吸光系数abs和新参数ql、y(npq)和y(no)的成像是imaging-pam独有的
＊ 生态毒理学研究中，选一个参考点，可以直接求出其它处理（如农药）的受抑制程度inh.
各种荧光参数的成像是将0.0（黑色）至1.0（紫色）的数值转换成颜色来显示的。
应用范围
＊ 环境科学
＊ 水生生物学
＊ 海洋与湖沼学
＊ 生态毒理学
＊ 园艺学
＊ 农业科学
＊ 林学 | ＊ 环境科学
＊ 水生生物学
＊ 海洋与湖沼学
＊ 生态毒理学
＊ 园艺学
＊ 农业科学
＊ 林学 | 
dcmu在叶片中的渗透过程
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m系列imaging-pam不同版本介绍
maxi-版
大探头，成像面积10×13 cm
调制荧光成像系统的maxi-探头利用300 w的led阵列，可以在10×13 cm的面积上提供均为的调制测量光、光化光和饱和脉冲光。该探头的支架上配备特制护眼遮光罩，可以在保护眼睛的同时观测到红色荧光的变化。
walz提供两种数码相机ccd供选择。用户若需要高清晰度，推荐选择imag-max/k[2/3” chip, 1392×1040象素， 4象素组合（binning）技术]。标准应用可选择imag-max/k2（1/2”, 640×480象素），可与imag-max/k2z物镜（f1.0/f=8-48mm）结合使用。 | 
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测量盆栽植物 | 测量离体叶片 | 测量微藻样品 | 新增镜头可调放大倍数 |
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y(npq) | ps/50 | f | 96个微藻样品成像 |
mini-版
小探头，成像面积24×32 mm
调制荧光成像系统的mini-探头采用强大的luxeon led阵列，包括4组（每组3个）led，均配有长波截止滤光片。配备8个红光（650 nm）和8个近红外（780 nm）led，用于测量叶片吸光系数的成像。
3种版本可选：
imag-min/b：蓝光，450 nm，测量叶片等；
imag-min/r：红光，620 nm，测量蓝藻；
imag-min/gfp：蓝光，480 nm，测量绿色荧光蛋白（gfp） | 
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由于mini-探头的便携式设计，使其特别适合野外应用。由于mini-探头的成像面积仅为maxi-探头的1/16，因而前者发出的最大光强更大，但耗电却小得多。mini-探头可以安装在光合仪gfs-3000的叶室3010-s上，同步测量全叶片气体交换和荧光成像，并且其光源可由gfs-3000控制，达到真正的同步测量。
mini-探头采用1/3”数码相机ccd（640×480象素）和f1.2/f=12mm物镜。其设计目的为测量固定距离下的荧光成像。
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与光合仪gfs-3000连用 | 长时间测量可装在三角架上 | fm | qn |
micro-版
微探头，成像面积3.5×4.5 mm
调制荧光成像系统的micro-探头是一个极便携的探头，采用整合式cosmicar-pentax cctv物镜（f1.4/f=16mm），直接安装在数码ccd（1/3” chip, 640×480像素）上。
micro-探头只配备一个luxeon led（蓝光，450 nm）和一个特制双色分光镜，类似于落射荧光显微镜。
尽管成像面积只有3.5×4.5 mm，但45倍的放大率却允许对叶片荧光成像的异质性分析达到支脉（minor veins）级。同时还可提供一个特制版本用于测量gfp的成像。 | 
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micro-探头还可安装在标准版imaging-pam（2001年设计）主机上。该探头提供x-y轴可调的样品台。其设计目的为测量固定距离下的荧光成像。
microscopy-版
显微探头，成像面积130×150 um
必须与特制落射荧光显微镜（hund或zeiss）结合使用，该显微镜可以提供激发光并检测荧光
imag-max/k（数码相机ccd）[1392×1040象素，4象素组合（binning）技术]可以提供高灵敏度。
探头标准配置是一个超强luxeon led（450-480 nm），用于提供测量光、光化光和饱和脉冲。目前已可提供rgb探头（红-绿-蓝-白led光源），它采用了phyto-pam技术，可以显微镜下自动对蓝藻、绿藻、硅/甲藻、红藻进行分类并测量光合作用。 | 
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分类，红色为硅藻，绿色为丝状绿藻 | 光合，fv/fm活性，可区分细胞不同部位的活性 |
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